The four main functions of language are typically described as follows:

1. Expressive Function:

• This function is about expressing the speaker’s emotions, feelings, or personal experiences. It allows individuals to convey their internal states and reactions to the world around them.
• Example: Saying “I’m so happy today!” expresses the speaker’s emotional state.

2. Informative (or Referential) Function:

• The informative function involves sharing knowledge, facts, and information. It’s used to convey objective content or describe events, actions, or ideas.
• Example: “The Earth orbits the Sun” provides factual information.

3. Directive Function:

• This function is used to influence or direct the behavior of others. It’s about giving instructions, commands, or requests.
• Example: “Please pass me the salt” is a directive function that requests action.

4. Phatic Function:

• The phatic function focuses on establishing, maintaining, or closing communication. It is about checking if the communication channel is open and ensuring social interaction rather than conveying information.
• Example: “How are you?” or “Hello!” These phrases don’t always require detailed responses but serve to engage in social interaction.

These functions help in understanding how language is used for different purposes in communication, from sharing ideas to expressing emotions or controlling actions.