Network topologies are the physical or logical layout of a network. The main types are:
1. Bus Topology: All devices share a single communication line. Simple but less scalable.
2. Star Topology: All devices connect to a central hub or switch. Easy to manage but depends on the central hub.
3. Ring Topology: Devices form a circle, and data travels in one direction. Efficient but vulnerable to failures.
4. Mesh Topology: Every device connects to every other device. High redundancy but expensive and complex.
5. Tree Topology: A hybrid of star and bus, with hierarchical structure. Scalable but can face bottlenecks.
6. Hybrid Topology: Combines multiple topologies for flexibility and scalability.
7. Point-to-Point Topology: A direct link between two devices, simple but limited in scale.
8. Bus-Star Hybrid: A mix of bus and star, balancing reliability and simplicity.
