TCP/IP Model in Computer Networks

The TCP/IP Model is a 4-layer framework for communication over the internet.

1. Application Layer
   • Provides protocols for user applications (e.g., HTTP, FTP, SMTP).
2. Transport Layer
   • Ensures reliable data delivery (e.g., TCP) or fast delivery without guarantees (e.g., UDP).
3. Internet Layer
   • Handles logical addressing and routing (e.g., IP).
4. Network Interface Layer
   • Manages physical hardware and data transmission (e.g., Ethernet, Wi-Fi).

Key Features:

• Standardized communication.
• End-to-end data delivery.
• Scalability and flexibility.