Is Jewish Identity Defined by Race or Religion?

The debate over whether Jewish identity is based on race or religion is complex. Judaism is fundamentally a religion with specific beliefs, traditions, and sacred texts. However, Jewish identity also extends beyond faith, as it is closely linked to ethnicity, ancestry, and shared cultural heritage. Many Jews identify as part of a distinct people, regardless of religious observance. While some Jews practice Judaism devoutly, others identify culturally or secularly without following religious traditions. This dual nature—both as a faith and as an ethnic group—makes Jewish identity unique. It is shaped by history, traditions, and a deep sense of community