Graph Isomorphism in discrete mathematics refers to a one-to-one correspondence between the vertices of two graphs that preserves adjacency. If two graphs G1 =(V1 ,E1 ) and G2 =(V2 ,E2 ) are isomorphic, there exists a bijective function f:V1 →V2 such that for any two vertices u,v∈V1, (u,v)∈E1 if and only if (f(u),f(v))∈E2 . Isomorphic graphs are structurally identical but may appear different in their visual representation. Graph isomorphism is used in network theory, chemistry for molecular structure comparison, and database indexing. Determining isomorphism efficiently remains a complex computational problem.
